Nutrient digestibility of extruded canola meal in ileal-cannulated growing pigs and effects of its feeding on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs

Canola meal (CM) contains less crude protein (CP) and more fiber and anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates than soybean meal (SBM) and consequently has a lower nutrient digestibility. Therefore, processing strategies that may increase the feeding value of CM warrant study. In two experiments, the effects of extrusion of Brassica napus CM on apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in growing pigs, and growth performance and diet digestibility in weaned pigs were assessed. Solvent-extracted CM was extruded using a single-screw extruder at three screw speeds: 250 (CM-250), 350 (CM-350), or 450 (CM-450) rpm. In exp. 1, in a double 4 × 4 Latin square, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 68.1 kg) were fed corn starch-based diets containing 50% CM or extruded CM. The CM sample contained 43.2% CP, 33.2% total dietary fiber (TDF), and 8.9 µmol of total glucosinolates/g on a dry matter (DM) basis. Extrusion increased (P < 0.05) the AID of CP, reduced (P < 0.05) apparent hindgut fermentation of CP, and decreased (P < 0.05) predicted net energy (NE) value of diets. Extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of most indispensable AA by 3.1 to 5.3%-units. In exp. 2, 200 weaned pigs (initial BW, 8.3 kg) were fed diets containing 20% SBM, CM, or extruded CM starting 2 wk postweaning for 3 wk. The CM sample contained 42.7% CP, 28.3% TDF, and 5.3 µmol total glucosinolates/g DM. Wheat-based diets provided 2.3 Mcal NE/kg and 5.1 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. Dietary inclusion of extruded CM replacing SBM decreased (P < 0.05) diet ATTD of DM, GE and CP, and DE value. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) of pigs did not differ between extruded CM and SBM diets and were not affected by extrusion, but increasing extruder screw speed linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG for day 1 to 7 and G:F for the entire trial. In conclusion, extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of AA but not DE and predicted NE values of CM. However, increasing extruder speed did not further increase the SID of most of the AA of CM in growing pigs. Dietary inclusion of 20% CM or extruded CM did not affect the growth performance in weaned pigs.     

Dietary fiber in a low-protein diet during gestation affects nitrogen excretion in primiparous gilts,with possible influences from the gut microbiota

We investigated the effects of dietary fiber (DF) supplementation in normal or low crude protein (CP) diets on reproductive performance and nitrogen (N) utilization in primiparous gilts. In total, 77 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The groups comprised 1) equal intake of normal CP (12.82% and 0.61% total lysine), 2) low CP (LP) (10.53% and 0.61% total lysine), and 3) with or 4) without DF supplementation (cellulose, inulin, and pectin in a 34:10:1 ratio). A low-protein diet during gestation significantly reduced daily weight gain from days 91 to 110 of pregnancy (−162.5 g/d, P = 0.004). From N balance trials conducted at days 35 to 38, 65 to 68, and 95 to 98 of pregnancy, DF addition increased fecal N excretion at days 65 to 68 (+24.1%) and 95 to 98 (+13.8%) of pregnancy (P < 0.05) but reduced urinary N excretion (P < 0.05), resulting in greater N retention at each gestational stage. DF increased fecal microbial protein levels and excretion during gestation. An LP diet also reduced urinary N excretion at different gestational stages. An in vitro fermentation trial on culture media with nonprotein N urea and ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) as the only N sources revealed that microbiota derived from feces of gestating gilts fed the high DF diet exhibited a greater capacity to convert nonprotein N to microbial protein. Microbial fecal diversity, as measured by 16S rRNA sequencing, revealed significant changes from DF but not CP diets. Gilts fed an LP diet had a higher number of stillbirths (+0.83 per litter, P = 0.046) and a lower piglet birth weight (1.52 vs. 1.37 kg, P = 0.006), regardless of DF levels. Collectively, DF supplementation to gestation diets shifted N excretion from urine to feces in the form of microbial protein, suggesting that the microbiota had a putative role in controlling N utilization from DF. Additionally, a low-protein diet during gestation negatively affected the litter performance of gilts.     

微酸性电解水对家蚕黑胸败血芽孢杆菌的杀灭效果及机制研究

微酸性电解水作为一种安全、高效、广谱的新型消毒剂,具有制备简单、成本低、使用后无残留、对人体无毒无害等优点.研究微酸性电解水对家蚕黑胸败血芽孢杆菌的杀灭效果及其杀菌机制,为其在蚕桑生产中的应用奠定基础.体外抑菌试验结果表明,有效氯质量浓度为40 mg/L、pH5.5、氧化还原电位(ORP)为1100 mV的微酸性电解水处理5 min即可全部杀灭家蚕黑胸败血芽孢杆菌.生物学试验结果表明,该电解水对家蚕黑胸败血芽孢杆菌处理5 min后,家蚕黑胸败血芽孢杆菌的灭活率达到90％;处理15 min时,灭活率为100％.经微酸性电解水处理后,家蚕黑胸败血芽孢杆菌的外部形态发生改变,菌体膨胀、逐渐伸长,之后出现孔洞,最后菌体破裂、死亡;胞外电导率、可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量逐渐增加;菌体DNA发生降解.试验结果表明微酸性电解水主要通过破坏家蚕黑胸败血芽孢杆菌细胞外部形态,改变细胞膜通透性,导致细胞内容物外渗,DNA结构受到破坏,达到杀菌目的 .     

Selenium supplementation improves nutrient intake and digestibility,and mitigates CH4 emissions from sheep grazed on the mixed pasture of alfalfa and tall fescue

Low selenium (Se) in soil and forage can adversely affect on the quality of animal-derived foods, and hence on human health. Lambs grazed on mixed pastures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were supplemented with five levels of Se [0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 µg/kg body weight (BW)]. The intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) varied with the level of Se supplementation, with a peak at 6 µg Se per kg BW (p ≤ 0.05). Gross energy (GE) intake, digestive energy (DE) intake and metabolic energy (ME) intake were higher at 6 µg Se per kg BW than at other Se levels (p < 0.01); in addition, methane energy (CH₄-E) output was lower at 6 µg Se per kg BW. Supplementation with Se significantly increased nitrogen (N) intake, faecal N and urine N, for which the peak values were 20.2 g N/, 5.62 g N/day and 7.92 g N/day, respectively, at 6 µg Se per kg BW. Se intake, blood Se, faecal Se, urine Se and retained Se were negatively correlated with forage crude protein (CP) content (p < 0.001) but were positively correlated with the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p < 0.001). Thus, we recommend the addition of 6 µg Se per kg BW to sheep grazed on pastures in regions with low soil Se.     

培肥措施对旱地农田土壤CO2排放和碳库管理指数的影响

阐明长期有机物料施肥下土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响机制以及碳库管理指数对黄土高原旱作农业区固碳减排及施肥模式选择的影响尤为重要。基于2012年设置在陇中黄土高原旱作区的长期定位试验,通过不施肥（CK）、氮肥（NF）、有机肥（OM）、秸秆（ST）、有机肥结合无机肥（OMNF）5个处理,测定并计算了2018年不同施肥措施下全年土壤CO₂排放、作物碳排放效率和碳库管理指数的变化,并运用结构方程模型分析了0~30 cm土壤温度、水分、微生物量碳氮、易氧化有机碳、蔗糖酶、脲酶与土壤CO₂排放速率的关系。结果表明：1）与不施肥相比,秸秆、有机结合无机肥和有机肥处理使生育期土壤CO₂排放平均速率提高了42.72%、30.82%和29.79%,秸秆、有机肥处理分别使生育期土壤CO₂排放量显著提高36.35%、32.45%（P<0.05）,有机结合无机肥处理使碳排放效率显著降低41.10%（P<0.05）;2）有机物料处理均能显著提高0~5 cm土层易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳氮、蔗糖酶活性和碳库管理指数,相比不施肥和氮肥处理,有机结合无机肥处理分别使0~30 cm土壤碳库管理指数提高127.41%,99.33%（P<0.05）;3）结构方程模型表明,环境因子对土壤CO₂排放速率的总解释度为53%,对土壤CO₂排放速率总效应较大的影响因素包括土壤温度（2.36）、微生物量碳（1.59）和土壤水分（1.18）,且均间接地影响着土壤CO₂排放速率,土壤温度促进了微生物量碳和蔗糖酶活性的提高,微生物量碳促进了微生物量氮和易氧化有机碳的增加。综合来看,有机结合无机肥处理可以提升土壤碳库管理指数,保持微生物活性,增加作物产量,降低土壤碳排放效率,是陇中黄土高原旱作农业区比较适宜的农田培肥措施。     

二十年磨一剑万亿市值生猪期货新年上市

2021年1月8日,中国期货市场首发期货品种,中国首个畜牧期货品种和活体交割品种——生猪期货在大连商品交易所挂牌上市。中国证券监督管理委员会副主席方星海在致辞时表示,生猪期货上市将进一步填补我国畜牧期货品种空白,与玉米、豆粕等期货期权一起,形成从种植、加工到养殖的完整产业链条的价格风险管理工具体系,可以服务的产业规模达数万亿元,有利于促进畜牧养殖业健康发展。随着生猪期货价格发现和套期保值功能的逐步发挥,养殖企业可以利用期货价格安排生产计划,并利用期货市场对冲现货风险,进而推动生猪产业实现“稳价”、“保供”,压减“猪周期”波幅,促进产业平稳有序发展。生猪期货成功上市来之不易。希望产业企业、养殖户和投资者理性、规范参与市场,共同呵护这个与国计民生息息相关的期货品种,促进生猪期货功能作用逐步有效发挥。     

山东省首起野生天鹅H5N8高致病性禽流感疫情的紧急调查及处置

2021年1月12—19日,山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区大汶流管理站出现35只死亡的野生疣鼻天鹅。经现场调查,市级和省级实验室检测,诊断为疑似H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感,经国家禽流感参考实验室进行病毒分离鉴定,最终确定为H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感疫情。疫情发生后,通过现场调查、座谈及实验室检测等方式,对此次疫情开展了紧急流行病学调查,追溯疫情的可能来源,分析疫情的扩散风险,继而提出针对性的应急处置措施。调查发现,此次疫情由迁徙候鸟带毒引入引起的可能性较大;野生鸟类未及时开展免疫,导致体内抗体水平低下是疫情暴发的内源因素。由于迅速采取了合理的应急处理措施,此次疫情得到迅速控制,避免了疫情扩散。本次疫情警示,必须切实做好禽流感的强制免疫和监测工作,高度重视自然保护区及其附近场所珍稀禽类的免疫,以降低疫情发生风险。     

非洲猪瘟自然弱毒株演变进程

自2018年非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)传入中国以来疫情得到了有效控制。但2021年以后,我国的ASF流行情况出现了新的变化,临床中出现了“自然变异株”。这些毒株可能导致感染后临床症状不典型,容易与其他疫病混淆等问题。这与国外的流行演变规律一致,即当ASF在一个国家或地区流行较长时间后,其临床表现将由急性发病转变为缓慢发病或出现新的临床表现。经过多年的观察积累,国外已经对该病毒的流行规律特别是自然弱毒株的演变进程有了大量记载,但国内目前尚无这方面的描述。为此,就ASF自然弱毒株的演变进程进行综述,从而提出加强血清学诊断产品研发、加快产业化报批进程、适时开展血清学监测追溯等建议,以期为我国ASF科学防控提供参考。